Medical Imaging & Clinical Research

Radiography is an imaging technique using X-rays to view the internal system of an object. When a beam of X-rays form an electromagnetic radiation, are passed towards the object and then captured by detector behind that object depend on structural composition. Generation of flat two dimensional imaginings by this technique is called projectional radiography. Uses of radiography consist of medical or diagnostic radiography and industrial radiography. Body is made up of various substances with differing densities, X-rays can be used to reveal the internal structure of the body on film by highlighting these differences using dilution or the concentration of X-ray photons by the denser substances Radiology Imaging is one of the best techniques in medical imaging which has a peak position on advanced imaging techniques. The process of medical images is usually carried out by the radiographer, often known as a Radiologic Technologist.

Artificial intelligence in healthcare is the practice of algorithms and software to estimated human brainpower in the revision of multifaceted medical data. AI technology from traditional technologies in health care is the capability to gain information, process it and give a definite output to the end-user.

AI specialty that has acquired the greatest attention is the field of Radiology. AI continues to magnifying its abilities and as it is dever to infer radiology.

Magnetic resonance imaging is used in radiology to form pictures to analyse the biological processes of the body in both health and disease. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, radio waves to produce images of the body. MRI does not use x-rays or ionizing radiations. MRI may still be seen as a better choice than CT scan. MRI is usually used in hospitals and clinics for medical diagnosis, staging, without using radiations. , MRI scans usually take longer and louder, and they typically need the subject to enter a narrow confining tube. In tally, people with some medical implants or other non-removable metal inside the body may be unable to undergo an MRI examination safely.

Nuclear medicine is a medical specialty in which disease is diagnosed and treated by the application of radioactive substances. Nuclear medicine, is known exactly as, "radiology done inside out" or "endoradiology" because it records radiation emitting from within the body rather than radiation that is generated by external sources like X-rays. Nuclear medicine is also known as physiological imaging modality; because it is differed from radiology (nuclear medicine is not emphasis on imaging anatomy). Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans are the two most collective imaging modalities in nuclear medicine.

Cardiac imaging is done to diagnose heart diseases. A cardio radiologist accomplishes and then understands medical imaging to diagnose heart disease, leaky heart valves and defects in size and shape of the heart. Those techniques are coronary catheterization, echocardiogram, intravascular ultrasound, Cardiac PET scan, Cardiac CT scan and Cardiac MRI. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging methodology for positron emitting radioisotopes. Mostly used for the researches. Applicable radioisotopes within chemical compounds of the metabolic pathways being examined.

Molecular Imaging patented in the field of radiopharmacology and can be generally defined as the in vivo classification and measurement of biologic processes at the cellular and molecular level inside organisms. Molecular Imaging potentialities are applicable to the diagnosis of diseases such as neurological, cardiovascular and cancer diseases. This imaging technique uses biomarkers to help image particular targets or pathways. It has capability to image fine molecular changes opens a wide range of exciting possibilities for various medical applications. The important strains of research are gene expression imaging and novel biomarkers development.

Track 8: Pediatric Radiology:

Pediatric (Paediatric) radiology is a segment of radiology that links the complete body imaging of newborn, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. Adolescents are introduced to pediatric radiologists since developing bodies are more liable to the adverse effects of radiation than are grown person of equivalent size.

Mostly used Pediatric Imaging Techniques:

• Pediatric X-rays
• Pediatric body CT scans with low-dose adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction
• Pediatric body MRI scans
• Pediatric fluoroscopy for assessment of swallowing, diaphragm, gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract.
• Fluoroscopic-guided nasogastric and feeding tube placements
• Pediatric ultrasound-guided biopsy and Doppler imaging
• Pediatric pneumatic intussusception reduction
• Pediatric CT and MR angiography, urography and enterography
• Pediatric percutaneous cecostomy tube exchanges

Abdominal Imaging is a field of Diagnostic Radiology, providing diagnostic imaging and intervention of abdominal and pelvic disorders. This knowledge provides extensive clinical experience for optimal patient care and interactions with medical and surgical subspecialties. Mainly used imaging modalities for abdominal imaging are X-Ray, Ultrasound (US), Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Nuclear Medicine Techniques, and Fluoroscopy.

Neuroimaging or brain imaging is a technique which is used directly or indirectly image the structure, function/pharmacology of the nervous system, those who are specialized in the neuroimaging is known as neuroradiologists. It is relative to the neuroscience, medicine and psychology.

Neuroimaging falls into two broad categories:

• Structural imaging, deals with the structure of the nervous system and the diagnosis of gross (large scale) intracranial disease (such as a tumor) and injury.
• Functional imaging, diagnose the metabolic diseases and neurological & cognitive psychology research and building brain-computer interfaces.

Brain imaging techniques used in neuroimaging are Computed axial tomography(CT), Diffuse optical imaging, Even related optical imaging, Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Magnetoencephalogarphy Positron emission tomography, Single photon emission tomography, Cranial ultrasound.

Pathology imaging is known as digital pathology, which aided by the computer technology that permitted by the management of information engendered from a digital slide. This will enable greater access for Pathologists to know more about the scanners for real time viewing of the image and the précised image will improve the clinical and medical imaging, reproducibility and research productivities.. In digital pathology, the pathologists take a slide under a microscope which is stained to highlight structures, which are analysed in using computer algorithms. Algorithms may be automated to manual counting and classify the condition of the tissue such as used in grading tumors. Computer technology advances will continue to bring new innovations to departments of pathology imaging.

Oncology division of medicine deals with prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. A health professional who practices oncology is an oncologist. The three main separations in oncology, Medical oncology, surgical oncology, Radiation oncology. Cancers are often managed through discussion on multi-disciplinary cancer conference where medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, pathologists, radiologists. Diagnosis and staging investigators depend on the site and type of malignancy.

Gastrointestinal tract imaging is very useful for research and clinical studies of patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal tract and in visualizing anatomy and pathology. Advances in non-invasive imaging modalities including ultrasound (US), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) etc, have revolutionized the way in which the gastrointestinal tract diseases are diagnosed. The determination of imaging data is regularly being enhanced and 3D attainment, tools for filtering, enhancement, segmentation and tissue classification are continually being developed.

Radiation oncology is a branch of oncology that involves the controlled utilization of radiation to diagnose cancer and other symptoms caused by cancer. Radiation therapy is the word used to describe the actual treatment delivered by the radiation oncologists. They require precise imaging of internal anatomy so that it is well adapted to the tumour and organs at risk. Certainly, morphological imaging such as computed tomography is previously recommended for radiotherapy planning. But radiation oncologists are also in view of other imaging techniques for treatment planning and imaging tools capable of controlling patient motion during treatment. Imaging play a vital role during treatment development and delivery of radiation therapy via techniques such as: 4D computed tomography, morphological and functional MRI, positron emission tomography, and imaging devices mounted on accelerators.

The field of medical imaging has grown tremendously due to the improvement in technologies and the advancement in digital and communication technologies. We can discuss vascular imaging with ultrasound, high-resolution computed tomography of the thorax, magnetic resonance imaging applications, and picture archiving and communication systems. It is capability to faster imaging yield better information and the imaging technologies helps in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases such as lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, heart diseases and so on.

Advances in Cancer Imaging: Cancer which is the abnormal growth of cells has the potential to spread to other parts of the body. The researchers are developing new therapies and with the help of imaging technologies, it is developing a way to restrict the growth of cells. Medical imaging objectives in the management of patients with cancer. It has become an important element not only to detect the early cancer, but it also helps in determining the stage of cancer.

Application of Physics to healthcare or Medicine is known as Medical Physics. It is also known as biomedical physics, medical biophysics, applied physics in medicine, physics applications in medical science, radiological physics. Medical physicists are often found in the following healthcare specialties: diagnostic and interventional radiology, nuclear medicine, and radiation protection and radiation oncology.

Clinical research discusses the perfect bibliography of a drug/device/biologic. Clinical research resembles with health care sciences, determines safety and effectiveness of medication, diagnostic products and treatment regimen for human use. These are used for prevention, treatment, diagnosis or for reliving symptoms. Clinical research is different from clinical practice.

Clinical research is often directed to assumed medical centers and affiliated research study sites. These provide the status of the academic institution as well as access to larger metropolitan areas, providing a larger pool of medical participants. This academic medical center’s often have their internal Institutional Review Boards that oversee the ethical conduct of medical research.

The future of clinical trials illustrated as follows. The sponsor strategies to participate the patient concluded social media such as Facebook, and regular e-mail updates in order to attract the patient to the trial, and once the patient decides to learn more about the trial, the sponsor mails the patient a package covering mobile health devices, which collect medical diagnostic data and sends that data to the sponsor.  The patient turns on the tablet, which contains an electronic consent and a video of a physician explaining the clinical trial in detail. Humanization in digital media is believed to be an effective tool that is used to communicate with patients. Throughout the clinical trial, the subject is able to contact live physicians either virtually or through nearby medical community centers. Distant nurses visit the subject at their homes to gather samples.  In addition, the patient routines the mobile health device to automatically upload study data directly to the sponsor's EDC database.

A case report on Cardiology gives an appropriate convention for all cardiologists by rendering their important clinical cases of late occurrence. Studying from medical cases provides valuable information for the students and Paramedical researchers.

Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are a broad term referring to a group of conditions ranging from unstable angina, to myocardial infarction (heart attack), to sudden cardiac death. The condition depends on the degree to which the coronary artery has been obstructed and the health effects the obstruction has caused. A diagnosis of ACS is made by evaluating the results of an electrocardiogram (ECG) and the presence or absence of certain enzymes in the body.